Mastering Common Grammar Challenges for Postgraduate Entrance Exam English

For many students struggling with English grammar, especially those preparing for the postgraduate entrance exam, understanding and applying complex grammatical rules can feel overwhelming. This guide aims to demystify some of the most frequently encountered grammar issues, offering clear explanations and practical examples to help improve your writing and comprehension skills. Whether you're a beginner or looking to refine your knowledge, these insights will make grammar less daunting and more manageable.

Top 3 Common Grammar Questions

1. What is the difference between "lie" and "lay"?

"Lie" and "lay" are often confused because they sound similar, but they have distinct meanings and uses. "Lie" is an intransitive verb, meaning it doesn’t take a direct object. It refers to reclining or resting in a particular position. For example, "The cat lies on the sofa." On the other hand, "lay" is a transitive verb, meaning it requires a direct object. It refers to putting something down or placing it in a specific position. For instance, "She lays the book on the table." To remember this, think of the phrase "lie down" (no object) and "lay something" (with an object). In the past tense, "lay" (lay/lay/lay) is used for both, but the present tense helps distinguish their meanings.

2. How should I use "who" vs. "whom"?

"Who" and "whom" are both pronouns used to ask about people, but their grammatical roles differ. "Who" is used as the subject of a verb, while "whom" is used as the object. For example, "Who called you?" (subject) vs. "Whom did you call?" (object). However, in modern English, "who" is often used informally even when "whom" is grammatically correct. To test this, try swapping them in a sentence: if it sounds awkward with "whom," it’s safer to use "who." For instance, "Who do you think is the best candidate?" is more natural than "Whom do you think is the best candidate?" Also, remember that "who" can be used at the beginning of a clause, while "whom" usually cannot, except in very formal contexts.

3. When should I use "its" vs. "it's"?

"Its" and "it's" are frequently mixed up because they sound the same, but their meanings are completely different. "Its" is the possessive form of "it," meaning something belongs to or is related to it. For example, "The dog wagged its tail." On the other hand, "it's" is a contraction of "it is" or "it has." For example, "It's raining outside" or "It's been a long day." To decide which to use, ask yourself if you’re talking about ownership (its) or if you can replace it with "it is" or "it has" (it's). If the sentence still makes sense, use "it's." If not, use "its." This trick helps avoid common mistakes and ensures clarity in your writing.